![](/uploads/1/2/7/1/127126766/539982201.jpg)
There was a problem previewing this document. NCERT Computer: Chapter 5 – Data Communication and Networking Part 2. These signals allow computers to transfer data between components within the computer or between the computer and an external network. Data transmission through a medium can be either asynchronous or synchronous. In asynchronous transmission data is transmitted.
Bounded or Guided Transmission MediaGuided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to another, include Twisted-Pair Cable, Coaxial Cable, and Fibre-Optic Cable.A signal travelling along any of these media is directed and contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic (copper) conductors that accept and transport signals in the form of electric current.
Optical fibre is a cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light.Twisted Pair CableThis cable is the most commonly used and is cheaper than others. It is lightweight, cheap, can be installed easily, and they support many different types of network. Some important points:.
Its frequency range is 0 to 3.5 kHz. Typical attenuation is 0.2 dB/Km @ 1kHz. Typical delay is 50 µs/km. Repeater spacing is 2km.A twisted pair consists of two conductors(normally copper), each with its own plastic insulation, twisted together.
One of these wires is used to carry signals to the receiver, and the other is used only as ground reference. The receiver uses the difference between the two.
In addition to the signal sent by the sender on one of the wires, interference(noise) and crosstalk may affect both wires and create unwanted signals. If the two wires are parallel, the effect of these unwanted signals is not the same in both wires because they are at different locations relative to the noise or crosstalk sources. This results in a difference at the receiver.Twisted Pair is of two types:.
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP). Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)Unshielded Twisted Pair CableIt is the most common type of telecommunication when compared with Shielded Twisted Pair Cable which consists of two conductors usually copper, each with its own colour plastic insulator. Identification is the reason behind coloured plastic insulation.UTP cables consist of 2 or 4 pairs of twisted cable. Cable with 2 pair use RJ-11 connector and 4 pair cable use RJ-45 connector.Advantages of Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable. Installation is easy.
Flexible. Cheap. It has high speed capacity,. 100 meter limit.
Higher grades of UTP are used in LAN technologies like Ethernet.It consists of two insulating copper wires (1mm thick). The wires are twisted together in a helical form to reduce electrical interference from similar pair.Disadvantages of Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable. Bandwidth is low when compared with Coaxial Cable. Provides less protection from interference.Shielded Twisted Pair CableThis cable has a metal foil or braided-mesh covering which encases each pair of insulated conductors. Electromagnetic noise penetration is prevented by metal casing. Shielding also eliminates crosstalk (explained in KEY TERMS Chapter).It has same attenuation as unshielded twisted pair. It is faster the unshielded and coaxial cable.
It is more expensive than coaxial and unshielded twisted pair.Advantages of Shielded Twisted Pair Cable. Easy to install. Performance is adequate. Can be used for Analog or Digital transmission. Increases the signalling rate. Higher capacity than unshielded twisted pair.
Eliminates crosstalkDisadvantages of Shielded Twisted Pair Cable. Difficult to manufacture. HeavyPerformance of Shielded Twisted Pair CableOne way to measure the performance of twisted-pair cable is to compare attenuation versus frequency and distance. As shown in the below figure, a twisted-pair cable can pass a wide range of frequencies.
However, with increasing frequency, the attenuation, measured in decibels per kilometre (dB/km), sharply increases with frequencies above 100kHz. Note that gauge is a measure of the thickness of the wire.Applications of Shielded Twisted Pair Cable. In telephone lines to provide voice and data channels. The DSL lines that are used by the telephone companies to provide high-data-rate connections also use the high-bandwidth capability of unshielded twisted-pair cables. Local Area Network, such as 10Base-T and 100Base-T, also use twisted-pair cables. Coaxial CableCoaxial is called by this name because it contains two conductors that are parallel to each other.
Copper is used in this as centre conductor which can be a solid wire or a standard one. It is surrounded by PVC installation, a sheath which is encased in an outer conductor of metal foil, barid or both.Outer metallic wrapping is used as a shield against noise and as the second conductor which completes the circuit. The outer conductor is also encased in an insulating sheath. The outermost part is the plastic cover which protects the whole cable.Here the most common coaxial standards. 50-Ohm RG-7 or RG-11: used with thick Ethernet.
50-Ohm RG-58: used with thin Ethernet. 75-Ohm RG-59: used with cable television. 93-Ohm RG-62: used with ARCNET.Coaxial Cable StandardsCoaxial cables are categorized by their Radio Government(RG) ratings.
Each RG number denotes a unique set of physical specifications, including the wire gauge of the inner conductor, the thickness and the type of the inner insulator, the construction of the shield, and the size and type of the outer casing. Each cable defined by an RG rating is adapted for a specialized function, as shown in the table below:Coaxial Cable ConnectorsTo connect coaxial cable to devices, we need coaxial connectors. The most common type of connector used today is the Bayonet Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector.
The below figure shows 3 popular types of these connectors: the BNC Connector, the BNC T connector and the BNC terminator.The BNC connector is used to connect the end of the cable to the device, such as a TV set. The BNC T connector is used in Ethernet networks to branch out to a connection to a computer or other device. The BNC terminator is used at the end of the cable to prevent the reflection of the signal.There are two types of Coaxial cables: 1. BaseBandThis is a 50 ohm (Ω) coaxial cable which is used for digital transmission.
It is mostly used for LAN's. Baseband transmits a single signal at a time with very high speed.
The major drawback is that it needs amplification after every 1000 feet.2. BroadBandThis uses analog transmission on standard cable television cabling. It transmits several simultaneous signal using different frequencies.
E-Book Review and Description:Data Communications and Networking is designed to help school college students understand the basics of data communications and networking, and the protocols used inside the Net notably by way of using the protocol layering of the Net and TCP/IP protocol suite. Utilized sciences related to data communication and networking would be the quickest rising in instantly's custom. The appears of some new social networking functions is a sworn assertion to this declare. On this Net-oriented society, specialists have to be educated to run and deal with the Net, part of the Net, or an organization's network that is associated to the Net. As every the amount and types of school college students are rising, it is essential to have a textbook that provides protection of the most recent advances, whereas presenting the material in a signifies that’s accessible to school college students with little or no background inside the space.
![Lecture Lecture](https://www.flexiprep.com/NIOS-Notes/Computer-Science/posts/Ch-5-Data-Communication-and-Networking-Part-1/Image-of-Data-Communication-and-Networking.png)
Using a bottom-up technique, Data Communications and Networking presents this extraordinarily technical materials with out relying on difficult formulation by way of using a strong pedagogical technique supported by larger than 830 figures. Now in its Fifth Edition, this textbook brings the beginning scholar correct to the forefront of the most recent advances inside the space, whereas presenting the fundamentals in a clear, easy technique. School college students will uncover larger protection, improved figures and greater explanations on chopping-edge supplies. The 'bottom-up' technique permits instructors to cowl the material in a single course, reasonably than having separate packages on data communications and networking.
[+] Read More...How to Download Data Communications and Networking, 5th edition Pdf? Please use the link provided bellow.
Download LinkWorking Tips For A Much Healthier Ebook Reading Experience
Most of the times, it has been felt that the readers, who are using the eBooks for first time, happen to truly have a rough time before getting used to them. Most often, it occurs when the brand new readers discontinue utilizing the eBooks as they're unable to use them with the proper and effective style of reading these books. There present number of reasons behind it due to which the readers stop reading the eBooks at their first most attempt to make use of them. However, there exist some techniques that could help the readers to have a good and successful reading experience.
A person should correct the appropriate brightness of screen before reading the eBook. It is a most common issue that the majority of the folks usually endure while using an eBook. Due to this they have problems with eye sores and head aches. The best solution to overcome this serious problem would be to reduce the brightness of the screens of eBook by making specific changes in the settings. You may also adjust the brightness of screen determined by the type of system you're utilizing as there exists lot of the approaches to correct the brightness. It is proposed to keep the brightness to potential minimal amount as this can help you to increase the time you could spend in reading and provide you great relaxation onto your eyes while reading.
A great eBook reader ought to be set up. It will be useful to really have a great eBook reader to be able to truly have a good reading experience and high quality eBook display. You may also use free software that could provide the readers that have many functions to the reader than just an easy platform to read the wanted eBooks. You can also save all your eBooks in the library that is also provided to the user by the software program and have a superb display of all your eBooks as well as access them by identifying them from their particular cover. Apart from offering a place to save all your precious eBooks, the eBook reader software even give you a great number of features to be able to improve your eBook reading experience compared to the traditional paper books. You can also improve your eBook reading experience with help of choices furnished by the software program such as the font size, full display mode, the certain number of pages that need to be exhibited at once and also change the color of the background.
You shouldn't make use of the eBook continuously for several hours without rests. You should take appropriate breaks after specific intervals while reading. Many of the times we forget that we're designed to take breaks while we're coping with anything on the computer screen and are engrossed in reading the content on screen. Nonetheless, this will not mean that you ought to step away from the computer screen every now and then. Continuous reading your eBook on the computer screen for a long time without taking any break can cause you headache, cause your neck pain and suffer from eye sores and also cause night blindness. So, it is critical to give your eyes rest for a while by taking rests after specific time intervals. This will help you to prevent the troubles that otherwise you may face while reading an eBook constantly.
While reading the eBooks, you need to prefer to read enormous text. Normally, you'll note the text of the eBook will be in medium size. It's suggested to read the eBook with huge text. So, boost the size of the text of the eBook while reading it at the screen. Despite the fact that this can mean you will have less text on every page and greater number of page turning, you'll be able to read your desired eBook with great convenience and have an excellent reading experience with better eBook screen.It's suggested that never use eBook reader in full screen mode. It is recommended not to go for reading the eBook in full-screen mode. Although it may look easy to read with full screen without turning the page of the eBook fairly frequently, it put lot of strain on your own eyes while reading in this mode. Consistently favor to read the eBook in the same span that will be similar to the printed book. This really is so, because your eyes are used to the span of the printed book and it would be comfy for you to read in exactly the same way. Try different shapes or sizes until you find one with which you'll be comfortable to read eBook.
By using different techniques of page turn you can also enhance your eBook experience. It's possible for you to try many methods to turn the pages of eBook to improve your reading experience. Check out whether you can turn the page with some arrow keys or click a special portion of the screen, apart from utilizing the mouse to manage everything. Prefer to make us of arrow keys if you're leaning forward. Try to use the mouse if you are comfy sitting back. Lesser the movement you have to make while reading the eBook better will be your reading experience.
Specialized problems One issue on eBook readers with LCD screens is the fact that it WOn't take long before you try your eyes from reading. To help prevent this, you need to use the “white on black” feature of your iPad or similar characteristics to other eBook readers. This will definitely help make reading easier.
By using each one of these powerful techniques, you can surely boost your eBook reading experience to a fantastic extent. This advice will help you not only to prevent specific dangers which you may face while reading eBook frequently but also ease you to take pleasure in the reading experience with great relaxation.
[+] Read More...A person should correct the appropriate brightness of screen before reading the eBook. It is a most common issue that the majority of the folks usually endure while using an eBook. Due to this they have problems with eye sores and head aches. The best solution to overcome this serious problem would be to reduce the brightness of the screens of eBook by making specific changes in the settings. You may also adjust the brightness of screen determined by the type of system you're utilizing as there exists lot of the approaches to correct the brightness. It is proposed to keep the brightness to potential minimal amount as this can help you to increase the time you could spend in reading and provide you great relaxation onto your eyes while reading.
A great eBook reader ought to be set up. It will be useful to really have a great eBook reader to be able to truly have a good reading experience and high quality eBook display. You may also use free software that could provide the readers that have many functions to the reader than just an easy platform to read the wanted eBooks. You can also save all your eBooks in the library that is also provided to the user by the software program and have a superb display of all your eBooks as well as access them by identifying them from their particular cover. Apart from offering a place to save all your precious eBooks, the eBook reader software even give you a great number of features to be able to improve your eBook reading experience compared to the traditional paper books. You can also improve your eBook reading experience with help of choices furnished by the software program such as the font size, full display mode, the certain number of pages that need to be exhibited at once and also change the color of the background.
You shouldn't make use of the eBook continuously for several hours without rests. You should take appropriate breaks after specific intervals while reading. Many of the times we forget that we're designed to take breaks while we're coping with anything on the computer screen and are engrossed in reading the content on screen. Nonetheless, this will not mean that you ought to step away from the computer screen every now and then. Continuous reading your eBook on the computer screen for a long time without taking any break can cause you headache, cause your neck pain and suffer from eye sores and also cause night blindness. So, it is critical to give your eyes rest for a while by taking rests after specific time intervals. This will help you to prevent the troubles that otherwise you may face while reading an eBook constantly.
While reading the eBooks, you need to prefer to read enormous text. Normally, you'll note the text of the eBook will be in medium size. It's suggested to read the eBook with huge text. So, boost the size of the text of the eBook while reading it at the screen. Despite the fact that this can mean you will have less text on every page and greater number of page turning, you'll be able to read your desired eBook with great convenience and have an excellent reading experience with better eBook screen.It's suggested that never use eBook reader in full screen mode. It is recommended not to go for reading the eBook in full-screen mode. Although it may look easy to read with full screen without turning the page of the eBook fairly frequently, it put lot of strain on your own eyes while reading in this mode. Consistently favor to read the eBook in the same span that will be similar to the printed book. This really is so, because your eyes are used to the span of the printed book and it would be comfy for you to read in exactly the same way. Try different shapes or sizes until you find one with which you'll be comfortable to read eBook.
By using different techniques of page turn you can also enhance your eBook experience. It's possible for you to try many methods to turn the pages of eBook to improve your reading experience. Check out whether you can turn the page with some arrow keys or click a special portion of the screen, apart from utilizing the mouse to manage everything. Prefer to make us of arrow keys if you're leaning forward. Try to use the mouse if you are comfy sitting back. Lesser the movement you have to make while reading the eBook better will be your reading experience.
Specialized problems One issue on eBook readers with LCD screens is the fact that it WOn't take long before you try your eyes from reading. To help prevent this, you need to use the “white on black” feature of your iPad or similar characteristics to other eBook readers. This will definitely help make reading easier.
By using each one of these powerful techniques, you can surely boost your eBook reading experience to a fantastic extent. This advice will help you not only to prevent specific dangers which you may face while reading eBook frequently but also ease you to take pleasure in the reading experience with great relaxation.
Note: If you're looking for a free download links of Data Communications and Networking, 5th edition Pdf, epub, docx and torrent then this site is not for you. Ebookphp.com only do ebook promotions online and we does not distribute any free download of ebook on this site. The download link provided above is randomly linked to our ebook promotions or third-party advertisements and not to download the ebook that we reviewed. We recommend to buy the ebook to support the author. Thank you for reading.
Next Ebook Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification ('004) Pdf![](/uploads/1/2/7/1/127126766/539982201.jpg)